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Array.prototype.includes()

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The includes() method of {{jsxref("Array")}} instances determines whether an array includes a certain value among its entries, returning true or false as appropriate.

{{InteractiveExample("JavaScript Demo: Array.prototype.includes()")}}

```js interactive-example const array = [1, 2, 3];

console.log(array.includes(2)); // Expected output: true

const pets = ["cat", "dog", "bat"];

console.log(pets.includes("cat")); // Expected output: true

console.log(pets.includes("at")); // Expected output: false

## Syntax

```js-nolint
includes(searchElement)
includes(searchElement, fromIndex)

Parameters#

  • searchElement
  • : The value to search for.
  • fromIndex {{optional_inline}}
  • : Zero-based index at which to start searching, converted to an integer.
    • Negative index counts back from the end of the array — if -array.length <= fromIndex < 0, fromIndex + array.length is used. However, the array is still searched from front to back in this case.
    • If fromIndex < -array.length or fromIndex is omitted, 0 is used, causing the entire array to be searched.
    • If fromIndex >= array.length, the array is not searched and false is returned.

Return value#

A boolean value which is true if the value searchElement is found within the array (or the part of the array indicated by the index fromIndex, if specified).

Description#

The includes() method compares searchElement to elements of the array using the SameValueZero algorithm. This algorithm works like strict equality === (where -0 and +0 are considered equal), with the exception that {{jsxref("NaN")}} is considered equal to itself.

When used on sparse arrays, the includes() method iterates empty slots as if they have the value undefined.

The includes() method is generic. It only expects the this value to have a length property and integer-keyed properties.

Examples#

Using includes()#

[1, 2, 3].includes(2); // true
[1, 2, 3].includes(4); // false
[1, 2, 3].includes(3, 3); // false
[1, 2, 3].includes(3, -1); // true
[1, 2, NaN].includes(NaN); // true
["1", "2", "3"].includes(3); // false

fromIndex is greater than or equal to the array length#

If fromIndex is greater than or equal to the length of the array, false is returned. The array will not be searched.

const arr = ["a", "b", "c"];

arr.includes("c", 3); // false
arr.includes("c", 100); // false

Computed index is less than 0#

If fromIndex is negative, the computed index is calculated to be used as a position in the array at which to begin searching for searchElement. If the computed index is less than or equal to 0, the entire array will be searched.

// array length is 3
// fromIndex is -100
// computed index is 3 + (-100) = -97

const arr = ["a", "b", "c"];

arr.includes("a", -100); // true
arr.includes("b", -100); // true
arr.includes("c", -100); // true
arr.includes("a", -2); // false

Using includes() on sparse arrays#

You can search for undefined in a sparse array and get true.

console.log([1, , 3].includes(undefined)); // true

Calling includes() on non-array objects#

The includes() method reads the length property of this and then accesses each property whose key is a nonnegative integer less than length.

const arrayLike = {
  length: 3,
  0: 2,
  1: 3,
  2: 4,
  3: 1, // ignored by includes() since length is 3
};
console.log(Array.prototype.includes.call(arrayLike, 2));
// true
console.log(Array.prototype.includes.call(arrayLike, 1));
// false

Specifications#

{{Specifications}}

Browser compatibility#

{{Compat}}

See also#